Drilling rig is a heavy mechanical equipment used for drilling strata, mining resources or conducting geological surveys. Whether it is oil and gas extraction, water well drilling, or building pile foundation engineering, drilling rigs play a vital role. With the advancement of technology, modern drilling rigs are developing towards **intelligent, efficient and environmentally friendly**.
**1. Classification and characteristics of drilling rigs**
**(1) Classification by purpose**
| **Type** | **Main purpose** | **Representative models** |
|——————|————————————–|—————————-|
| **Oil drilling rig** | Oil and gas field exploration and mining | Land drilling rig, offshore platform drilling rig |
| **Water well drilling rig** | Domestic water, agricultural irrigation well drilling | Vehicle-mounted rotary drilling rig, impact drilling rig |
| **Engineering drilling rig** | Building pile foundation, subway tunnel support | Rotary drilling rig, long spiral drilling rig |
| **Geological drilling rig** | Mineral exploration, scientific drilling | Core drilling rig, full hydraulic drilling rig |
**(2) Classification by driving mode**
– **Mechanical drive drilling rig**: Driven by diesel engine + gearbox, with simple structure but high energy consumption.
– **Hydraulic drive drilling rig**: Adopts hydraulic motor, precise control, suitable for complex formations.
– **Electric drilling rig**: Zero emission, suitable for urban environmental protection construction.
**2. Working principle and core technology of drilling rig**
**(1) Basic working process**
1. **Drill bit breaking rock**: Breaking the formation by rotation or impact (such as roller drill bit, PDC drill bit).
2. **Circulating chip removal**: Use mud or air to remove rock cuttings from the borehole.
3. **Casing cementing**: Lower steel pipes and inject cement to reinforce the wellbore wall to prevent collapse.
**(2) Key technology innovation**
– **Automated driller system**: Real-time adjustment of drilling pressure and rotation speed through sensors to improve efficiency by more than 20%.
– **Measurement while drilling (MWD)**: Downhole data transmission technology to achieve precise trajectory control.
– **Ultra-deep well technology**: China’s “Crust No. 1” drilling rig has drilled to a depth of **7018 meters**.